Health Education

CCAPNR involves a group of multi-disciplinary, university-based researchers dedicated to creating new solutions for problems that challenge health and social services through the use of new models of care and evaluation. The team engages in research and professional education activities to address CCAPNR goals.

CCAPNR goals include:1. To provide a national forum to identify, discuss, consult and debate on important issues relevant to the education, development, and utilization of generalist, specialized and advanced nursing roles in Canada.2. To conduct timely, responsive and meaningful interdisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional research that informs decision-making about the education, development and utilization of generalist, specialized and advanced nursing roles in Canada.3. To lead a broad range of knowledge translation activities that support the design, conduct, dissemination and utilization of high quality research about nursing roles and models of care delivery in Canada.4. To support the development of advanced nursing roles and related research through consultation with key stakeholders and the education and mentorship of undergraduate and graduate students, advanced practice nurse

Faculty Member:

Denise Bryant-Lukosius and Ruth Martin-Misener (Co-Directors), Nancy Carter, Faith Donald, Patti Harbman, Kelly Kilpatrick, Diana Sherifali, Joan Trammer, Ruta Valaitis

Students:

1. Linda Brousseau
2. Erin Ziegler
3. Lindsay Yuille

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Canadian Centre for Advanced Practice Nursing (CCAPNR)

Since 2009, Dr. Ruta Valaitis has been a Deputy Director, World health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario) for Primary Care and Health Human Resources. Dr. Valaitis was elected Secretary to the Pan American Nursing and Midwifery Collaborating Centres Network (PANNMCC) and served in that role from 2011 to 2013.

A PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center is an institution designated by the Director General to form part of an international network that develops activities in support of the programs of the World Health Organization. Currently the Region of the Americas has 18 Collaborating Centers in Nursing and Midwifery.  Our Collaborating Centre was recently redesignated (see http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/globalhealthoffice/McMaster_redesignated_paho_who_collaborating_centre.html) 

PANMCC/WHO :

Collaborating Centres

Research Funding:

More Information:

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Primary Care and Health Human Resources

The McMaster University School of Nursing (SON) is dedicated to improving the health of residents in our local communities and fulfilling the School’s mission of community engaged scholarship.

To that end, in 2011 the School launched Health in the Hubs, an ongoing partnership between the SON and the local community planning teams (LPTs) from three Hamilton neighbourhoods: Crown Point, McQuesten, and South Sherman. The LPTs are made up of residents, service providers, places of worship, institutions and local businesses from each neighbourhood hub. A hub brings organizations, businesses and citizens in a community together.

Past Lead: Currently a Team Member :

Semogas D., Rolfe, S., Derbyshire, D., Murray, N., Penner, S., Slotiuk, C., Habib, N., Valaitis, R., Wahoush, O., Harrington, M.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Website
• Health in the Hubs Phase 1 Report
• Health in the Hubs Think Tank

This article reports on the development and psychometric testing of a learning needs assessment questionnaire related to the Canadian community health nursing Standards of practice.

Professional competencies have been widely used as a basis for the development of learning needs assessment. The Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practices (CCHN Standards) were released in 2003. However, it is not known whether community health nurses (CHNs) have the educational background to enable them to meet these standards. This article reports on the development of a learning needs assessment questionnaire for CHNs. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the consistency of factors underpinning the CCHN Standards. Also, validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated using appropriate techniques. This process resulted in a valid and reliable CHN learning needs assessment questionnaire to measure learning needs of large groups of practitioners, where other forms of measurement cannot be feasibly conducted.

Co-author:

Akhtar-Danesh, N., Valaitis, R., Schofield, R., Underwood, J., Martin-Misener, R., Baumann, A., Kolotylo, C.

Research Funding:

• A Pan-Canadian Survey of Community Health Nurses’ Learning Needs

More Information:

• Publication

The aim of this toolkit is to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes that support the development and maintenance of successful collaborations between primary care and public health. This toolkit is for practitioners, managers, policy makers, and students from a variety of disciplines working in primary care and public health.

This toolkit was developed based on results from a 4-1/2 year program of research supported by the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation completed in 2012. It was developed with multiple co-authors including Francophone and Aboriginal communities. It was officially launched in July 2016.

Lead:

Valaitis, R., Murray, N., Brauer, P., Green, M., MacDonald, M., Martin-Misener, R., Meagher-Stewart, D., O'Mara, l., Savage, R., Wong, S., Gendron, S.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Website

Canadian Community health nurses (CHNs) work in diverse urban, rural, and remote settings such as: public health units/departments, home health, community health facilities, family practices, and other community-based settings.

Research into specific learning needs of practicing CHNs is sparsely reported. This paper examines Canadian CHNs learning needs in relation to the 2008 Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice (CCHN Standards). It answers: What are the learning needs of CHNs in Canada in relation to the CCHN Standards? What are differences in CHNs’ learning needs by: province and territory in Canada, work setting (home health, public health and other community health settings) and years of nursing practice? CHN educators and practice leaders need to consider these results in determining where to strengthen content in graduate and undergraduate nursing programs, as well as professional development programs. For practicing CHNs educational content should be tailored based on learner’s years of experience in the community and their employment sector.

First Author:

Valaitis, R.K., Schofield, R., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Baumann, A., Martin-Misener, R., Underwood, J., Isaacs, S.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication
• Community Health Nurses of Canada (CHNC)

Youth are often disenfranchised in their communities and may feel they have little voice. Since computers are an important aspect of youth culture, they may offer solutions to increasing youth participation in communities. This study involved public health nurses to support the school-based community development project.

This qualitative case study investigated the perceptions of 19 (predominantly female) inner-city school youth about their use of computers and the Internet in a school-based community development project. Overall, youth perceived computers and the Internet to be empowering tools, and they should be encouraged to use such technology to support them in community initiatives related to health promotion.

Author:

Valaitis, R.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

Schools are a main setting for health promotion for youth. A one year qualitative case study was undertaken in an inner-city, Canadian school. It explored factors that enabled and constrained youth in the process of a school-based computer-supported community development (CD) project. This paper reports on Dr. Ruta Valaitis' PhD thesis results.

Nineteen grade seven and eight students worked with four adult facilitators for 12 weeks. They completed a community assessment, planned and implemented actions to improve their school environment. Data were collected by: youth and adult interviews, participant observation, content analysis of online postings and two surveys. Constant comparison and triangulation from various data sources and methods were used to verify themes. Themes were categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic enabling and constraining factors. Intrinsic enabling factors were youth' s perceptions that they were making a difference, and feeling recognized for and having ownership of their work. Extrinsic enabling factors included flexibility inyouth's choice of activities, supportive adults and community members and the use of incentives. Intrinsic constraining factors were the perceived slow pace of the CD process, and difficulties in getting group consensus/decision-making. Extrinsic constraining factors included: school disruptions and schedules, a lack of 'buy-in' from teachers and parents, and resource demands-people and computers. Relationships between these factors are noted. Research and practice implications regarding school-based CD to promote youth resiliency are discussed.

First Author:

Valaitis, R., O’Mara, L.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

The Summer Institute is aimed at graduate students from across Canada.

In 2010, Dr. Ruta Valaitis was an invited Faculty for Canadian Institutes of Health Research - IHSPR-IPPH Primary Health Care Summer Institute.

Summer Institute for Graduate Students:

Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Canadian Institutes of Health Research

From 2006 - 2009, Dr. Ruta Valaitis was a member of the Advisory Committee for the design and development of an Orientation Program for new nurses transitioning into public health careers.

The orientation package was developed with funding from HealthForceOntario through the Nursing Secretariat. The funding was sought through the leadership of Algoma Public Health and Ontario Association of Public Health Nursing Leaders ANDSOOHA: Public Health Nursing Management. The Ontario Association of Public Health Nursing Leaders (OPHNL- formerly known as ANDSOOHA) is a part of the collective voice, shaping and enhancing public health nursing administration and practice.

Algoma Public health and ANDSOOHA:

Simpson, J. L.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Public Health Orientation Toolkit

During 2005 - 2006, Dr. Ruta Valaits was a member of the Canadian Nursing Association’s Nursing Portal Project- Evidenced Based Practice (EBP) Sub-group.

The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) received funding from the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) of Health Canada for a two-year project (2004-2006) to develop a nursing portal to support the on-going competence and professional development of nurses in Canada. A portal is a single-access gateway or entry point to a collection of resources and services via the Internet. As part of the Canadian Nurses Portal Project and to prepare nurses and the nursing environment for the Canadian Nurses Portal, now called NurseONE, CNA committed to creating an e-nursing strategy for Canadian nurses.

Nursing Portal Project- EBP Sub-group:

Canadian Nurses Association

Research Funding:

More Information:

• CNA e-Nursing Strategy October 2006

From 2004 to 2012, Dr. Ruta Valaitis was a member of the CASN Subcommittee for Public Health.

CASN/ACESI (Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing/Association canadienne des écoles de sciences infirmières) is the national voice for nursing education, research, and scholarship and represents baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in Canada. The CASN Subcommittee for Public Health was supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada to support community health nursing education programs to prepare nurses towards the Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice. 

Canadian Nursing Education Leadership :

CASN-ACESI

Research Funding:

More Information:

• CASN-ACESI

From 2006 - 2009, Dr. Ruta Valaits was a member of the Working Group: Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC): Professional Education Working Group- Vaccine Prevention

The Immunization Competenices for Health Professionals was prepared by the Professional Education Working Group of the Canadian Immunization Committee. Approved by the Communicable Disease Control Expert Group and the Pan-Canadian Public Health Network Published by the Public Health Agency of Canada Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases November 2008

Professional Education Working Group (PHAC):

Public Health Agency of Canada

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Immunization Competencies fro Health Professionals 2008

In this study nursing faculty perceptions of the implementation of simulation in schools of nursing across Ontario, Canada, were explored using the Q-methodology technique. Building on her secondary interest in the use of appropriate technologies (a principle of primary health care), this work was conducted during Dr. Valaitis' short term role as the Director of Learning Technologies for the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University.

Results revealed four major viewpoints held by faculty including: (a) Positive Enthusiasts, (b) Traditionalists, (c) Help Seekers, and (d) Supporters. In conclusion, simulation was perceived to be an important element in nursing education. Overall, there was a belief that clinical simulation requires (a) additional support in terms of the time required to engage in teaching using this modality, (b) additional human resources to support its use, and (c) other types of support such as a repository of clinical simulations to reduce the time from development of a scenario to implementation. Few negative voices were heard. It was evident that with correct support (human resources) and training, many faculty members would embrace clinical simulation because it could support and enhance nursing education.

Co-author:

Akhtar-Danesh, N., Baxter, P., Valaitis, R., Stanyon, W., Sproul, S.

Research Funding:

• Evaluation of the Use of Clinical Simulation in Ontario Nursing Programs

More Information:

• Publication

Nurses are among the largest providers of home care services thus optimisation of this workforce can positively influence client outcomes. This scoping review maps existing Canadian literature on factors influencing the optimisation of home care nurses (HCNs).

Arskey and O'Malley's five stages for scoping literature reviews were followed. Populations of interest included Registered Nurses, Registered/Licensed Practical Nurses, Registered Nursing Assistants, Advanced Practice Nurses, Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Specialists. Interventions included any nurse(s), organisational and system interventions focused on optimising home care nursing. Papers were included if published between January 1, 2002 up to May 15, 2015. The review included 127 papers, including 94 studies, 16 descriptive papers, 6 position papers, 4 discussion papers, 3 policy papers, 2 literature reviews and 2 other. Optimisation factors were categorised under seven domains: Continuity of Care/Care; Staffing Mix and Staffing Levels; Professional Development; Quality Practice Environments; Intra‐professional and Inter‐professional and Inter‐sectoral Collaboration; Enhancing Scope of Practice: and, Appropriate Use of Technology. Fragmentation and underfunding of the home care sector and resultant service cuts negatively impact optimisation. Given the fiscal climate, optimising the existing workforce is essential to support effective and efficient care delivery models. Many factors are inter‐related and have synergistic impacts (e.g., recruitment and retention, compensation and benefits, professional development supports, staffing mix and levels, workload management and the use of technology). Quality practice environments facilitate optimal practice by maximixing human resources and supporting workforce stability. Role clarity and leadership supports foster more effective interprofessional team functioning that leverages expertise and enhances patient outcomes. Results inform employers, policy makers and relevant associations regarding barriers and enablers that influence the optimisation of home care nursing in nursing, intra‐ and inter‐professional and inter‐organisational contexts.

Senior Author:

Rebecca Ganann, Annette Weeres, Annie Lam, Harjit Chung, Ruta Valaitis

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

Given the push for health care reform and quality improvement (QI), health care administrators are seeking new ways to utilize all dimensions of APN expertise, especially related to research and evidence-based practice. The purpose of the paper is to describe an academic-clinical partnership to improve patient care by strengthening the capacity of advanced practice nurses to integrate research and evidence-based practice activities into their day-to-day practice.

An academic-practice partnership was created among hospital-based advanced practice nurses, nurse administrators, and APN researchers to create an innovative approach to educate and mentor advanced practice nurses in conducting point-of-care research, QI, or evidence-based practice projects to improve patient, provider, and/or system outcomes. A practice-based research course was delivered to 2 cohorts of advanced practice nurses using a range of teaching strategies including 1-to-1 academic mentorship. All participants completed self-report surveys before and after course delivery.

Co-author:

Patricia Harbman, Denise Bryant-Lukosius, Ruth Martin-Misener, Nancy Carter, Christine L. Covell, Faith Donald, Sharyn Gibbins, Kelley Kilpatrick, James McKinlay, Krista Rawson, Diana Sherifali, Joan Tranmer and Ruta Valaitis

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Link to paper

The purpose of this second phase of the study was to identify current practice activities of CHNs across all Canadian Provinces and Territories and to measure their continuing education needs in relation to the CCHN Standards.

The results of this pan-Canadian survey will inform the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada, community health nursing employers, and others who are involved in continuing education program development in order to build capacity in the community health nursing workforce in Canada. The 2009 report outlines methods, results, the development of an online version of the survey, implications for practice and research, limitations and conclusions.

Co-author:

Schofield, R., Valaitis, R., Ahktar-Danesh, N., Baumann, A., Martin-Misener, R., Underwood, J.

Research Funding:

• A Pan-Canadian Survey of Community Health Nurses’ Learning Needs

More Information:

• Report

Building on Dr. Valaitis' secondary interest in the use of appropriate technologies (a principle of primary health care), this work was conducted during her short term role as the Director of Learning Technologies for the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University.

McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences trialed Wimba's Live Classroom Web conferencing technology to support education and curriculum activities with students and faculty. The purpose of this study was to explore faculty, staff, and student perceptions of Web conferencing as a support for teaching and learning in health sciences. The Live Classroom technology provided features including real-time VoIP audio, an interactive whiteboard, text chat, PowerPoint slide sharing, application sharing, and archiving of live conferences to support student education and curriculum activities. Overall, all participants, including pragmatists who were more cautious about the technology, viewed Web conferencing as an enabler, especially when face-to-face meetings were not possible. Adequate technical support and training need to be provided for successful ongoing implementation of Web conferencing.

First Author:

Valaitis, R., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Eva, K., Levinson, A., Wainman, B.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

The Canadian Schools of Nursing (CASN) Task Force on Public Health was mandated to facilitate Schools of Nursing to provide students with the foundation required to meet the Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice. As a member of this Task Force Dr. Valaitis led this paper which reports on an environmental scan that explored barriers and enablers influencing the integration of community health nursing content in baccalaureate education in Canada.

Data was collected over three phases including: 1) a pan-Canadian survey of nursing schools, 2) completion of open-ended workbook questions by educators, policy makers, administrators, and community health nursing managers attending a pan-Canadian symposium on community health nursing, and 3) recorded notes from the symposium. The response rate for the survey was 72.5% (n = 61 schools) and approximately 125 stakeholders participated in symposium activities. Internal and external enablers and challenges as well as recommendations for practice and education are presented.

First Author:

Valaitis, R., Rajsic, C., Cohen, B., Stamler, L., Meagher-Stewart, D., Froude, S.

Research Funding:

• A Pan-Canadian Survey of Community Health Nursing Content Taught in Schools of Nursing: Are We Preparing Students for the New Standards of Practice

More Information:

• Publication
• Community Health Nurses of Canada (CHNC)

Report to the WHO, Series Number 16, March 2009. Primary health care (PHC) is a philosophy and an educational practice approach. Nursing is one of the key services for the delivery of PHC. The purpose of this background paper is to examine PHC education for nurses in the globalized world.

A case study approach is used to provide information about PHC education. The paper will define and describe PHC, nursing education in Canada and curriculum development. Challenges will be discussed and a policy framework will be provided. In addition, recommendations specific to PHC nursing education will be made.

Co-author:

Baumann, A., Valaitis, R., Kaba, A.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Report

This qualitative study explored health sciences students' perceptions of their experiences in online problem based learning (PBL) and focused on their views about learning and group process in the online environment. Building on her secondary interest in the use of appropriate technologies (a principle of primary health care), this work was conducted during Dr. Valaitis' short term role as the Director of Learning Technologies for the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University.

Results indicated that it is feasible to conduct PBL online. Students felt that it increased their flexibility for learning, enhanced their ability to deeply process content, and provided access to valuable learning resources. Students experienced a period of adaptation to the online environment, perceived a heavy workload, and had difficulties making group decisions online. In addition to using asynchronous communication, chats (synchronous communication) were valued to support group decision-making online. Students appreciated validation of their online contributions from their peers and wanted clear expectations of what constituted successful tutorial participation from their tutors. Although online PBL can work effectively, tutors and students need to develop online literacy skills to smooth their transition to an online PBL environment.

First Author:

Valaitis, R., Sword, W., Jones, B., Hodges, A.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

The use of mobile computing in healthcare practice has grown substantially in recent years, yet little is known about its impact.This descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study explored the perceptions of public health nurses (PHNs) in a school health program about their use of mobile computing.

This descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study explored the perceptions of public health nurses (PHNs) in a school health program about their use of MC. Public health nurses participated in focus group interviews and completed weekly reflections. They perceived that MC (a) increased PHNs' flexibility although they were constrained by work rules, (b) increased peer and employer connectedness yet increased isolation, (c) and increased PHNs' status while creating a wider gap between PHNs and their clients. Public health nurses described their practice as being more efficient and client-focused with MC. Over time, PHNs grew more comfortable with the tool, developed a dependence on it, and learned to deal with technological problems. Although this new technology shows promise, there is a need for further research to examine its impact as a tool to promote public health nursing practice.

First Author:

Valaitis, R., O’Mara, L.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

In 2002, Dr. Valaitis was a representative for CASN at the National Summit for Ontario Health Information Highway. This conference was related to health Informatics and held at the University of Victoria, British Columbia.

CASN/ACESI (Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing/Association canadienne des écoles de sciences infirmières) is the national voice for nursing education, research, and scholarship and represents baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in Canada.

National Summit for ON Health Information Highway:

CASN

Research Funding:

More Information:

• CASN/ACESI

This study explored nursing students' viewpoints about the use of simulation in their nursing programs. This work was conducted during Dr. Valaitis' short term as the Director of Learning Technologies for the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University.

Q-methodology was the research approach used. In total, 24 students from 17 universities and colleges participated in thestudy. Although all students felt that simulated experiences could support learning overall, four groups of students were identified who had differing viewpoints. Described as reflectors, reality skeptics, comfort seekers, and technology savvies, these four groups of students require unique approaches to better engage them in learning with simulation. This study provides recommendations for faculty to consider, taking into account these varied viewpoints regarding simulation in nursing education.

Co-author:

Baxter, P., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Valaitis, R., Stanyon, W., Sproul. S.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Publication

This was a CD-ROM program designed to teach community health nursing students and other professionals about the process of community action. It focused on the principles of primary health care, community assessment and community development. Child pedestrian injury prevention was the main issue addressed in this programme

This was a joint project of the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University and the Hamilton-Wentworth Social and Public Health Services Division, a Teaching Health Unit affiliated with McMaster University and the University of Guelph.  It was presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on Community Health Nursing Research at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. The CD-ROM was distributed internationally by the Canadian Public Health Association for a over 5 years. 

Lead:

Valaitis, R., Chambers, L., Cole, D., Ehrlich, A., O'Mara, L., and VanBerkel, C.

Research Funding:

More Information:

• Website

This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an interdisciplinary undergraduate course embedded within a campus–community partnership initiative involving McMaster University School of Nursing, and three urban priority neighborhoods in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The experiential course focuses on building knowledge and skills in community participation and community improvements for health and continues to be offered today. This primary health care collaboration between the campus and three Hamilton neighbourhoods was led by Dr. Valaitis and supported by the Health in the Hubs team.

Students worked together with community residents and faculty to address selected priority community issues identified by neighborhood members. Using the qualitative interpretive description method, the evaluation explored different partners’ (students, community residents, and faculty) perceptions of the course (SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, as well as outcomes) as a community engagement and knowledge exchange intervention. Results provide lessons learned and recommendations for future campus–community engaged courses that can be transferred to similar contexts.

First Author:

Ruta Valaitis,Olive Wahoush, Nancy Murray, Sandy Isaacs, David Derbyshire, Dyanne Semogas, and Steven Rolfe

Research Funding:

• Street Smarts Book Smarts: Evaluation of a Knowledge Exchange Intervention (Health in the Hub Phase 2)

More Information:

• Publication

Tailoring Online Health Promotion: A Toolkit for Communities: This toolkit was produced based on our experience and evaluation of working with public health staff and youth in a rural community to build a health promotion website for youth by youth.

This Toolkit contains a compilation of our learning as a result of the evaluation and is presented using a step-by-step approach from the initial stages of developing a vision for the project, implementation, marketing, evaluation and sustainability.

Lead:

Ruta Valaitis, Linda O'Mara, Sherri Bezaire, Erica Horbaniuk, and Brian Gould

Research Funding:

• SPARK Youth Website Initiative

More Information:

• Tailoring Online Health Promotion: A Toolkit for Communities

Tailoring Online Health Promotion: A Toolkit for Communities has been produced to share our learning and experiences in working to build a health promotion web site (www.youthspark.ca) to meet local needs by and for rural youth in Huron County, Ontario Canada. The Toolkit is loosely organized according to the phases of project development that we experienced in the YouthSpark project.

Our project included an evaluation component, which helped us identify factors that enabled and hindered the process of creating, maintaining and sustaining the project. This Toolkit contains a compilation of our learning as a result of the evaluation and is presented using a step-by-step approach from the initial stages of developing a vision for the project, implementation, marketing, evaluation and sustainability. We used a participatory approach with our work with youth, which is reflected throughout this Toolkit. We believe this approach is essential for any successful youth-centred program. Produced by Huron Country Health Unit and McMaster University, School of Nursing. http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/OHPToolkit/index.html. 

First Author:

Valaitis, R., O’Mara, L., Bezaire, S.

Research Funding:

• SPARK Youth Website Initiative

More Information:

• Website